Cellphone Cameras and Human Rights Abuses

Cell phones are ubiquitous, and most of us now carry one with the ability to capture pictures and even video footage. It’s fun and easy to whip out your cell phone, take a picture of your friends, and then email it or post it on Facebook, Flickr, etc. But some people also use their cellphone cameras to document human rights abuses or breaking news. This happens in the US and abroad. A recent example of this, is the shooting and death of a young Iranian woman named Neda, during political protests. A brief cellphone video which captured her shooting and final moments, was posted to the internet, and quickly made its way to viewers around the world, galvanizing  further protests in Iran and other countries.

But when it comes to human rights abuses, what is appropriate to document with a cellphone camera? The recent case in Guinea where a stadium full of opposition supporters were attacked, raped, and murdered in full view of crowds on September 28, provides a salient example of what the repercussions can be for the victims whose images are captured on cellphone videos.

During the chaos and violence that erupted in the stadium and the outlying streets, many women were sexually assaulted by soldiers. These assaults were witnessed by many fleeing Guineans, some of whom used cellphone cameras to snap pictures or film video of the assaults. While it is likely that this footage was collected in order to provide proof of the horrific crimes that were being committed, the photos and footage were unregulated and made their way to the internet.

National Public Radio correspondent Ofeibea Quist-Arcton observes,

Rape is surely horrific, but becomes even more so when the images of alleged crimes are recorded on cell phones, because the alleged rapes happened in the middle of the day, in public.

The sometimes grotesque photos are then splashed on the internet, a record of the humiliation and shaming of women, making the violations even more painful.

How would any of us feel if the worst moment of our lives were captured on film and posted to the internet, shattering our anonymity, and leaving traces that will remain on the web forever? This additional loss of control for people who have already been victimized, is horrible.

While it is understandable that people will want to document human rights abuses with any means at their disposal, including cellphone cameras, sexual assault should NEVER be broadcast on the internet under any circumstances. If people have footage of abuses that they feel will make a case against a government or other another group, they should provide the footage to rights organizations like Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch or give it to a lawyer for safekeeping.

A Debit Card for Somaliland?!

There’s lots of news out of Africa to cover, as usual, but one particular piece by the BBC about a money-transfer company which is introducing a debit card to Somaliland, caught my eye. Dahabshili, a firm with a long history in the horn of Africa, has dreams of creating a cashless society there.

Anyone who lives or has spent a serious amount of time in sub-Saharan Africa, most likely understands what functioning in a cash-driven society entails. For example, there are countries like Tanzania, whose largest monetary denomination is a 10,000 shillingi note, roughly equivalent to about $7.50 US. In Tanzania, many everyday transactions are made in small change, and any major purchases often require large amounts of cash. While there are banks and ATMs in the largest cities, customers must often contend with long lines and machines that are subject to power failures. If you happen to carry a VISA, American Express or other ‘universal credit card,’ you may find few places where you can actually use it, other than high-end hotels, tourist enclaves, and pricey retail outlets.

A child in Harare holds Zimbabwean dollar notes acquired by begging on the streets. In 2008, when this photo was taken, the county’s rate of annual inflation was over 100,000%. (Associated Press)

Then there are countries like Ethiopia, which lack ATM machines altogether, and whose largest denomination, the 100 birr note, is roughly equivalent to $8 US. Not to mention places like Zimbabwe, where rampant inflation has necessitated the use of the black market, with US dollars and South African rands being traded against quickly depreciating Zimbabwe dollars.

So what would a ‘cashless’ society in Africa look like? Would it be possible to create one, with such a dependence on small change and currency, and with such a lack of infrastructure like banks, ATM machines, and businesses which can process card transactions? Would any new attempts to unveil a system of debit and credit cards simply create a similar situation to that of Tanzania: where some people can access cash at a small number of ATMs, but where there are few outlets equipped to actually use credit?

Dahabshili, Somalia’s largest money transfer company, is currently rolling out an electronic cash system in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland. A press release from the website notes,

The General Manager of Dahabshiil Money Transfer, Abdirashid Mohamed Saed said the computer generated Internet based system will allow their customers to obtain debit cards to withdraw funds from Automated Teller Machines.

The ATMs will be placed in secure places such as hotels and business centers. Customers will be able to purchase items with their debit cards.

“We started this project in Hargeisa (Somaliland) because of the stability and the good internet connections but we’ll spread it to other safer areas of the country,” Saed told VOA Somali Service.

It will be the first time in the history that e-cash card system is launched in Somalia.

Dahabshili made their mark in the private money transfer business in Somalia. Relatives and friends of Somalis who live abroad, use the service to send money home. The BBC observes that some estimates place the transactions at as much as $1 billion.

I’m personally thrilled to see a debit card system being offered in Somaliland. I hope that the user fees are fair and reasonable, and that many people will have access to this service, not just elites. While the prospect of ATMs placed at hotels and business centers for security reasons makes sense, this restricted access, will likely keep services out of the hands of many people who could benefit from the machines, and who don’t have the extra money or confidence to travel to a wealthy enclave to access cash. Just a thought. Also, as long as access to ATMs and credit processing machines is limited, it will be difficult for Somalis to truly benefit from these cards in a substantial way. But as with any new technology, it will takes time for it to infiltrate society. Hopefully, Dahabshili will be able to promote access to debit and credit cards as well as places equipped to process them.

All currency calculations are via The Currency Converter at coinmill.com

What do you think?

I’m Back!

It has been a while since I last posted. Almost a year to be exact. There have been a lot of changes in my life, and things have been very busy. But honestly, I have missed blogging about Africa issues. Hopefully I will be able to maintain a more active presence on the site this time around.

Since last November, I have been dealing with some serious health issues, have gotten a job as a victim advocate, and have taken an internship as a case aid with my state refugee and immigration services. I’m also applying to masters degree programs in public health and social work for the fall of 2010. Enough about me though, let the posting begin!

FreeRice Addiction Causing Carpel Tunnel :(

A stroke of genius has occurred, and the good people at the UN World Food Program and Harvard University have created a vocabulary game that not only tests your intelligence, but for each question answered correctly, donates 20 grains of rice to help end hunger (the site pays for itself through ad revenue)! The game is called FreeRice, and it has proven immensely popular since it launched in October of 2007.  Since then, the site has donated more than 40 billion grains of rice and fed more than 1 million hungry people. 

You can’t go wrong with FreeRice, unless of course you forget to look away from your computer screen, and develop bloodshot eyes and a severe hand tremor. It’s a price I’m willing to pay to know that I probably donated at least one 35 kg bag of rice ( not to mention exponentially increased my vocabulary) in my marathon session last night. 

Also, mad props to the people at WFP and Harvard. They have raised the bar for everyone in the field of development fundraising.

Africa Reading Challenge Review VIII: All Things Must Fight to Live

 

• All Things Must Fight to Live: Stories of War and Deliverance in Congo by Bryan Mealer
• Hardcover 300 pages
• Bloomsbury USA, 2008
• Democratic Republic of Congo
• My rating: 5 out of 5 chapatis

All Things Must Fight to Live picks up in 2003, when Ugandan troops were pulling out of eastern Congo, and tensions between ethnic Hema and Lendu had reached a peak. Journalist Bryan Mealer stepped in to cover the conflict, intending to write one article, and ended up staying for three years. Based out of Kinshasa and Bunia, he traveled with the war, reporting from the front lines. 

Bryan Mealer and Col. Joseph Tyhalisi (South Africa), Kamatsi, Congo [Photo by Lionel Healing]*

All Things Must Fight to Live stands out for me because it is not gratuitous. It would have been far more easy to write a book that focuses only on the depravity of the war (and it has been done too many times already-The Rebels Hour, The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo, etc.). Instead, Mealer offers balanced war reporting and a nuanced look at the lives of ordinary Congolese. 

In addition to following the war in both urban and rural conflict zones, the author immersed himself in a two-thousand mile journey by barge, bicycle, and train through the heart of the country. While his meandering trip was fraught with complications such as a train derailment, he was able to see the impact that the war has had on Congolese living in the vast and impoverished interior. 

Here’s a brief except to pique your interest:

We went in first with soldiers, young and terrified Ugandan kids straight from the villages, whip-thin in their baggy fatigues and wound tight around their triggers even high above the clouds. The Ugandan army flew Antonov-26s into Congo, scrapped by the Soviet bloc and born again for African war, steel Trojan horses loaded with gun-mounted jeeps, barrels of diesel, and crates of banana moonshine. You found a place on the floor and instantly started sweating, nestled between rifles and rocket launchers so close to your eyeballs you could study the paint chips on the grenades. There was little cabin pressure to soothe the landings, and going in fast, you felt like your eyes would pop out of your skull. The soldiers buried their faces in their hats to hide the tears. And all you could do was wince and give a thumbs-up and be thankful that the engines were so loud that no one could hear you scream. (xiii)

*Photo ripped from the author’s website http://www.bryanmealer.com/

Africa’s World War*

I’m back in the blogosphere after a hiatus, and I have a lot to say. If you’ve been following African news during the past few weeks, then you know that the Democratic Republic of Congo has spiraled once again into conflict. Since August, fighting has forced as many as 250,00 people from their homes, scattering them to refugee camps and the bush. In eastern Congo, a tenuous cease-fire is holding between rebel militias and Congolese government troops. The situation is so fragile that an emergency summit meeting was held in Nairobi on Friday, that brought together African leaders, Western diplomats, and UN officials. Notably absent from the proceedings, was Laurent Nkunda, the rebel general who has threatened to take the war across the vast country to Kinshasa, Congo’s capital. The New York Times reports that Nkunda was not invited. 

Refugees in eastern Congo flee fighting [Stephen Morrison-European Pressphoto Agency]

The non-invitation of Nkunda to the summit meeting in Nairobi is intriguing since he is the chief instigator of the conflict in the Kivus. Speaking of Nkunda’s exclusion, Tanzania’s president Jakaya Kikwete iterated that only leaders were involved in the summit (like it or not, Nkunda has emerged as a leader in his own right, and excluding him here seems ill-advised). In the general’s absence, 

The African leaders then signed a multipronged agreement calling for an immediate end to the conflict, and they said that if United Nations peacekeepers could not protect civilians from senseless killing, African peacekeepers would be sent to the front lines.

The UN peacekeeping mission in Congo (MONUC) is the largest and most expensive in the world (over 16,000 troops funded at more than $1 billion), and they have already proven time and again that they are unable to adequately protect civilians from both the rebels and government troops. In fact, the general leading the peacekeeping mission resigned two weeks ago, and the NY Times reports:

Two officials, speaking on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to disclose details of the resignation, said he had criticized the lack of a coherent strategy, the lack of a mandate and the lack of resources needed to get the peacekeeping job done.

Call me crazy, but this sounds eerily familiar. How is it that 14 years after the Rwandan genocide, peacekeepers are still dealing with the same fundamental problems? 

Congo’s war is Africa’s war and it is a conflict that can’t wait to be solved. In my opinion, the peacekeeping system needs to reworked and General Nkunda needs to be drawn in to talks if there is to be a hope of peace.

*This is the title of a forthcoming book on DRC by Gerard Prunier

Access to Life at The Corcoran Gallery

This month head over to Washington DC’s Corcoran Gallery of Art and check out a featured exhibit, Access to Life. This is a photographic display that documents the so-called ‘Lazarus effect’ of anti-retroviral drug therapies on people living with AIDS. The Corcoran website describes the exhibit as such,

In 2007, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria initiated a joint project with Magnum Photos to graphically document the positive impact that free antiretroviral drug treatment is having on the lives of millions of AIDS patients around the world.

To document its efforts, the Global Fund turned to photographic cooperative Magnum Photos in order to utilize the talents of the some of the best photographers in the world. An international team of eight noted photographers traveled to nine countries to document the transformative effects of treatment on more than thirty individuals and their families.

The Magnum photographers disbursed to India, Haiti, Mali, Peru, Russia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland and Vietnam, and, “created visual chronicles that encompassed their subjects’ lives both before and after drug treatments.” To view images and read stories from the project, go to The Global Fund Access to Life website. 

India-Jim Goldman/Magnum Photos

Mali-Paolo Pellegrin/Magnum Photos

The exhibit will be displayed at The Corcoran Gallery through July 20th. From there, it will move through Mexico City, Paris, London, Berlin, and Rome. A book will be produced to coincide with the European leg of the tour.

Less Than INSPI[RED]

About a year-and-a-half ago, my mom bought me a t-shirt from The Gap as a gift. It was a faded red v-neck with the word INSPI[RED] emblazoned across the chest. My mom told me how she saw it at the store and thought of me, because the clothing was part of a new campaign that donated proceeds to fight AIDS in Africa. That’s when I first learned about the RED Campaign, and discovered that it’s much more complicated than the (PRODUCT) RED Razr and iPod commercials make it sound.

GAP (PRODUCT) RED word T $28.00

A bit of background courtesy of the (PRODUCT) RED website: ”(RED) was created by Bono and Bobby Shriver, Chairman of DATA to raise awareness and money for The Global Fund by teaming up with the world’s most iconic brands to produce (PRODUCT)RED branded products. A percentage of each (PRODUCT)RED product sold is given to The Global Fund. The money helps women and children affected by HIV/AIDS in Africa.”

Here’s what a (PRODUCT) RED transaction looks like (for a larger view click on the image):

Say you bought that $28.00 t-shirt from The Gap like my mom did. You might wonder what percentage of the profit is being sent to The Global Fund. It can be tricky to find out, because the amount donated varies by item and company. An example from a New York Times article on (PRODUCT) RED observes, 

…1 percent of all spending on American Express’s Red cards goes to the fund, as do 50 percent of net profits from the sale of Gap Red items and $8.50 from each sale of aMotorola Red Motorazr.

50% of the profit donated from some items sounds pretty good, but you have to remember the benefits that participating companies reap as well. They’ve seen profits, new advertising, partnerships, and good karma come their way. Speaking of advertising, the margin between money spent on promotions and funds raised to fight AIDS, is massive. Author Ron Nixon of the aforementioned Times article observes,

In its March 2007 issue, Advertising Age magazine reported that Red companies had collectively spent as much as $100 million in advertising and raised only $18 million. Officials of the campaign said then that the companies had spent $50 million on advertising and that the amount raised was $25 million. Advertising Age stood by its article.

Even if the RED Campaign figures are correct, that’s still ridiculous. Another thing that’s disturbing is that RED and the affiliated companies refuse to disclose their revenue and total contributions. There’s absolutely nothing on the RED website related to fiscal practices. What are they hiding?

Another issue is RED’s almost complete fixation on products, brand names, and simple messages rather than awareness. Watch this (PRODUCT) RED Dell Laptop commercial and see how much you learn about the campaign. 

I bet you didn’t find out that donations end up in only three African countries: Rwanda, Ghana, and Swaziland. You probably didn’t discover that the money raised provides HIV/AIDS education, counseling and treatment or that these efforts are targeted towards women and children. The only thing I found out is that I’ll become some sort of sex goddess if I carry around a Dell. 

You can talk to me until you’re blue in the face about how RED has contributed lots of money to a deserving cause, and has impacted the lives of countless people. I’ll revert back to the evidence stated above, and contend that it’s a sad thing to promote consumerism as even a partial solution to funding the HIV/AIDS pandemic. 

If you want to do something truly charitable and socially conscious, make a direct donation to The Global Fund or a similar organization. You’ll know that your money is being put to good use rather than lining the pockets of the CEOs at American Express, Gap, and the other RED companies. 

Africa Reading Challenge Review VII: Say You’re One of Them

• Say You’re One of Them by Uwem Akpan
• Hardcover 368 pages
• Little, Brown, and Company 2008
• Nigeria, Gabon, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya
• My rating: 4 out of 5 chapatis

If you are looking for a super depressing book to read, then look no further. Never has a piece of literature caused me to sink so low as Say You’re One of Them. It is truly relentless in its misery. 

The author, Uwem Akpan, has been the darling of literary critics since the first story in this collection, “An Ex-Mas Feast,” appeared in The New Yorker’s debut fiction issue in 2005. Another story from the book, “My Parent’s Bedroom,” was shortlisted for the the 2007 Caine Prize for African Writing. Somehow, I picked up my copy before I read the copious praise for Akpan’s prose. I simply perused the back cover: a brief except from “My Parent’s Bedroom.” It looked like a compelling read with a unique twist: stories about African conflict told through the eyes of children. I was sold.

“An Ex-Mas Feast” and “My Parent’s Bedroom” are the two best reads, and they are bookends on this five-story collection. The former follows a Kenyan family that survives on the wages of their twelve-year-old daughter, who prostitutes herself in the slums of Nairobi. The latter describes the terrible choice that must be made by a family caught in the middle of the Rwandan genocide. The three other stories included (two of which are book length) are not as well balanced or written, and drag out towards inevitably awful conclusions. 

If Akpan had packaged this book to include only “An Ex-Mas Feast” and “My Parent’s Bedroom,” it would be outstanding work worthy of all the buzz it has generated. Even with a few pieces that are not quite as stellar, it’s obvious that Mr. Akpan is a tremendous talent. I will be looking forward to his future work.  

An excerpt from “An Ex-Mas Feast” p. 7

Mama smiled at the glue and winked at me, pushing her tongue through the holes left by her missing teeth. She snapped the tin’s top expertly, and the shack swelled with the smell of a shoemaker’s stall. I watched her decant the kabire into my plastic “feeding bottle.” It glowed warm and yellow in the dull light. Though she still appeared drunk from last night’s party, her hands were so steady that her large tinsel Ex-mas bangle, a gift from a church Ex-mas party, did not even sway. When she had poured enough, she cut the flow of the glue by tilting the tin up. The last stream of the gum entered the bottle weakened and braided itself before tapering in midair like an icicle. She covered the plastic with her palm, to retain the glue’s power. Sniffing it would kill my hunger in case Maisha did not return with an Ex-mas feast for us. 

Q: How many celebrities does it take to save Africa?

A: Apparently all of them.

Ben Affleck has joined the swelling ranks of celebrities out to save Africa, and he’s doing it by producing a TV report on the Democratic Republic of the Congo. His documentary aired as an episode of “Nightline” on Thursday June 26th.  You can watch it in its entirety on the “Nightline” website.

[Filming in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo]

Affleck visited DRC three times within the past year, as part of what he defines as,

a long and ongoing learning experience to educate myself before making any attempt to advocate or speak out.

Oddly enough, his learning experience in DRC is what the documentary is all about. Mr. Affleck claims he’s out to “give exposure to voices which might not otherwise be heard.” Why then is he front and center in all of this? Ben Affleck is an Oscar winning actor who gets plenty of exposure, so why not try simply narrating or directing the film? “Nightline” executive producer James Goldston puts it this way,

The idea was to present the story as a personal journey, following Affleck as he met with survivors of the conflict, relief officials, and even some warlords.

And that’s exactly what happened. Ben Affleck actually met with Laurent Nkunda, the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR), officials from Medecins Sans Frontieres and the United Nations, and scores of rape survivors. The interviews do make for a compelling piece, but what about basic ethics? How is okay to interview a fourteen-year-old rape survivor on camera? Will this girl have access to support services if the interview causes trauma? ABC News which produces “Nightline,” is not known for having the best judgement when it comes to mixing celebrity with international affairs. For example, they let Leonardo DiCaprio interview President Clinton. By the way, my favorite part of the film was when Ben attempted to negotiate with the FDLR to leave Congo and go back to Rwanda. Sadly, he wasn’t successful. 

In my opinion it seems like the best way to tackle an issue is to get educated and then take action. This film focuses on the getting educated phase, leaving viewers who have become engaged to wonder what they should do in the face of such a crisis. Even some links to the advocacy and volunteer organizations that Affleck shadowed would have been appropriate. 

Watch the film and see what you think. I’m sure some people will learn a lot from it, and commend Mr. Affleck for his efforts. In the end, I do think it’s a positive thing to focus attention on the humanitarian situation in DRC, even if the spotlight has to be shared with a celebrity.

Here are links to some organizations working in Democratic Republic of Congo. You can make monetary donations to all of them, and some of them have suggestions for how to fundraise, advocate, and pressure our government on issues related to DRC. 

• Run for Congo Women
• Women for Women International
• Panzi Hospital
• Heal Africa
• Congo Global Action
• The International Rescue Committee
• Medecins Sans Frontieres